MIDDLEWAY, W.Va. — The Wizard Clip haunting, the first documented poltergeist in America, occurred in the late 1700s in the eastern panhandle of West Virginia. Though centuries have passed, its legend endures, earning residents the nickname "Clippers" to this day.
Referred to as the "truest ghost story ever told" by the late James Cardinal Gibbons, editor of the Catholic Review, the hauntings reportedly began when a mysterious stranger arrived at the home of Adam Livingston, according to Jessie Norris, president of the Middleway Conservancy.
“A terrible storm came through and, with it, a stranger to their doorstep who asked to stay the night,” Norris says. “He and his horse were exhausted and couldn’t make it to their final destination. The way it begins is just like any good, scary story—a dark and stormy night.”
The family allowed the stranger to spend the night in their home, but as it became clear he would not survive until morning, he requested a priest to administer his last rites. The Livingstons, a staunchly Lutheran family, refused. At the time, Middleway—then known as Smithfield—was a Protestant town, and the nearest Roman Catholic priest was more than a day's journey away.
According to some accounts, the moment the stranger passed, every candle in the room was snuffed and had its wick mysteriously cut. Norris suggests this may be the first recorded instance of the eerie "clipping" phenomenon, which would later give the haunting its name.
“The name Wizard Clip would have come from a wizard or a male witch, and the clipping is coming from the poltergeist or ghost making a lot of clipping sounds,” Norris says.
The next morning, the family buried the man in an unconsecrated grave, but their troubles were only beginning. In the days that followed, the Livingstons were plagued by an unrelenting barrage of mysterious sounds—banging, the gallop of unseen horses, and the relentless snipping of shears. Their barn burned to the ground, their livestock perished, and an eerie pattern emerged: crescent moons were inexplicably cut into every piece of fabric in the home, including clothing and linens stored in locked trunks.
“Pretty much as soon as the gentleman passes away, things start to go a little awry,” Norris says.
“They are constantly hearing clipping sounds in their ears and incessantly keeping them up at night, and other things befall the Livingstons. It gets pretty graphic. They’ve lost a lot of their livelihood, and they’re not sleeping, so they’re not doing too well mentally, either.”
Word of the Livingstons’ plight spread quickly, drawing curious visitors to their home. According to one account, a woman who had carefully tucked a silk kerchief into her pocket afterward found it mysteriously shredded with crescent moon shapes—another chilling sign that the strange forces at work were not confined to the Livingston home.
“The moon symbol became very big in Middleway because of the Wizard Clip lore,” Norris says. “They would be hanging up clothes, go to hang up the next blanket or garment to turn back around to find that the previous one had crescent moons cut out of it.”
The Livingstons sought help from nearby ministers, but none could rid the home of its tormenting spirit. When they attempted to enter, rocks rained down upon them, blocking their way. In a further attempt to understand the haunting, the family invited conjurers from Winchester to conduct séances, but their efforts also failed.
Desperate, Adam Livingston turned to what for him was an unlikely source—Father Dennis Cahill, a Roman Catholic priest in Shepherdstown. Though skeptical, Father Cahill reluctantly agreed to bless the home after townspeople vouched for the bizarre and persistent disturbances.
“The night before Adam travels to Shepherdstown, he has this dream where he sees a man he’s not familiar with in unfamiliar clothing with a voice that says, ‘This is the person who is going to bring you salvation, who is going to save you from this torture,’” Norris says.
“They get to the church and find that the man getting ready to start Mass is the gentleman Adam dreamt of.”
Upon his arrival at the Livingston farm, Father Cahill heard the shears clipping in his ears and witnessed stones, crockery, and firewood flying around the home.
“He is beside himself and decides to bless the home,” Norris says. “Father Cahill calls it a win and finds a little pouch of money that he lost sitting at the stoop of the front door he’s leaving. So he considers it a good omen. He’s done something right and is able to leave the Livingston family.”
At first, Father Cahill’s blessing seemed to work—the haunting ceased, and a calm settled over the home. But before long, the disturbances returned, stronger than before. Determined to find a lasting solution, Cahill reached out to the diocese in Baltimore, which dispatched another priest—Father Demetrius Gallitzin.
A former Russian nobleman, Gallitzin had traveled to the Americas to explore the New World, documenting his encounters and interviewing locals about supernatural occurrences. Now, he set out for the Livingston home, ready to confront whatever force lurked within.
“What many don’t realize is that in order to do an exorcism of a spirit, you have to have permission from the Catholic Church, and it is quite an extensive process,” Norris says.
“He takes notes for about three months, which you can still access the archives of, and essentially gets permission from the Catholic Church to do this exorcism.”
After an explosive exorcism, in which the house shook and rattled, Cahill and Gallitzin also visited the stranger’s grave to read him his last rites finally. In most accounts of the legend, the haunting finally ceased after this, and before moving back to Pennsylvania, Adam Livingston donated more than 30 acres of his land to the Catholic Church in gratitude and “to help witness to people, bring them closer to God and use it as a place of being able to renew oneself,” Norris says.
Today, the land is now the Priest Field Pastoral Retreat Center. There are statues commemorating Adam Livingston as well as the stranger at the pastoral center, and while there is a grave commonly called the Stranger’s Grave, Norris says it has not been proven.
“You hear ghost stories like the South Mountain Witch and the Blair Witch, but with Wizard Clip, you can go to exactly where the poltergeist or ghost was removed from the home,” Norris says. “We’re not sure where the stranger is buried. They have a marker, people assume that it’s the grave, but they’ve done scans, and there are not human remains buried there.”
Part of the oral history and tradition of Middleway, the legend of Wizard Clip contains many variations. In one, there's no stranger, which led some to believe he was added later as a catalyst for the haunting that may have begun before the Livingstons moved to Middleway. In other accounts, the spirit followed the Livingston family back to Pennsylvania.
“Which is why it would be considered a poltergeist—because it’s attached to something,” Norris says. “There’s a lot of parts of the story that overlap, and where they diverge is just as interesting.”
Norris says there are primary sources for the haunting, including newspaper articles, records from the Catholic Church, and retellings from townspeople.
“With oral history, you have to really look at the sources you’re given,” she says. “It’s almost like a police investigation: this part of the story corroborated with the other.
"Definitely something had crescent moons cut out of it at some point in the story. Definitely no other religion was able to exorcise this spirit or spirits from the house except for the Catholic Church.
“But just like with anything, when you’re telling a story, it’s hard not to add your own embellishments to it. You can question whether it’s the truth or not, but ultimately, there are those pieces of overlap that I think really help strengthen the story and make it one so eerie that you want to tell other people.”
She says telling these stories and keeping oral traditions alive are important and bring people of all different backgrounds together.
“You can have a different belief system, and we all agree that this is a great story to tell,” she says.
“It wasn’t great marketing for the Methodists or Baptists, and yet they still told the story in Middleway and surrounding areas. It was incredibly impactful. Oral history creates a bond and a tradition to pass down, and I think it actually helps strengthen a community to have those kinds of stories to share and bond around.”
Keeping in mind the German, Irish, and Scottish ancestry of many settlers in the Middleway area might help explain the pull and fascination of this story, Norris says.
“There’s a lot of lore in those areas of the world as well,” she says. “I am sure a lot of that spirituality or the need to find something bigger than themselves carried over and was passed down. It’s not hard to imagine that was still happening here in Middleway.”
Wizard Clip is not the only ghostly tale from Middleway. The town hosts ghost tours each fall, the proceeds of which go to the Middleway Conservancy.
“None quite as elaborate as the legend of Wizard Clip, but there are some pretty fun, interesting ghost stories that have been collected from residents past and present,” Norris says. “We have definitely seen a lot of history.”
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