Prehistoric burial mound in West Virginia contains remarkable secret

SOUTH CHARLESTON, W.Va. — Rising above the end of this city’s central avenue, the prehistoric Criel Mound—one of the largest burial mounds in West Virginia—has long captivated both onlookers and archaeologists alike.

Over the years, its origins have sparked countless theories—ranging from tales of mythic giants to speculation about a lost tribe of Israelites.

In reality, it was constructed nearly 2,000 years ago by indigenous peoples—“Indians” who were of average stature, and it shares similarities with many other mounds and earthworks throughout the eastern U.S.

Yet, something about the mound is remarkably different: the orientation of bodies buried within it is unlike that of other mounds, and this, says archaeologist Bob Maslowski, suggests something peculiar.

“The Criel mound is the only mound in the area with a central burial surrounded by other burials,” he says. In other mounds, burials appear to be more haphazard.

This could imply that the mound at South Charleston marked the site of a kind of nexus—a center point at which many people converged. The mound may represent alliances between tribal groups, and the burials may represent different ethnic groups placed together to solidify alliances.

“Most mounds will have burials that appear to be in random order in terms of directions, and one of the theories about Adena, especially in Kentucky and other areas of West Virginia, is that the burials don’t represent a particular Adena population,” Maslowski says.

“So what you’re getting is groups of people coming together to solidify treaties and other things. It’s a way of cooperating and reduces conflict between groups.”

The term “Adena” is a modern designation used to describe people who shared common practices and inhabited the Ohio Valley region from approximately 500 B.C. to 400 A.D. Their traditions overlapped with those of the Hopewell culture, which occupied the western part of the same region from around 100 B.C. to 400 A.D.

Like the Adena and Hopewell, descendant Native American groups in the 1600s and 1700s followed similar practices, although they did not build large mounds.

“Certain tribes buried their dead with their heads in a particular direction. Local Siouan tribes buried the dead with their heads east, toward the rising sun. Some Algonquian tribes, like the Shawnee, buried their dead with the heads to the west; others buried their dead with heads to the north or south.”

What early archaeologists found at South Charleston

Many of the first Virginian colonists to reach the valley in the late 1700s may have believed the mounds were built by a race that predated the indigenous peoples of the Americas. However, scholars now know they were the forebears of the present-day Native Americans.

While laypersons occasionally dug into the mounds, a serious archaeological study wasn't performed until 1884. American ethnologist and entomologist Cyrus Thomas spearheaded a survey with the Smithsonian Institution, investigating dozens of mounds and earthworks in the central Kanawha Valley, including those around what's now Dunbar, Charleston, Saint Albans, and South Charleston.

Thomas and his team partially excavated the Criel mound, then owned by the Criel family, which farmed the valley after the American Civil War, and discovered 13 bodies interred at two different depths. Four feet below the surface, they found two skeletons buried with stone hoes, a projectile point, and stone disks.

At the bottom of the mound, however, they found 11 skeletons — 10 of which surrounded a central figure. Thomas wrote of a similar mound in Sullivan County, Tenn., but most other mound sites in the valley had burials that appeared to be randomly distributed.

Maslowski says the five burials on the east side were found with burial goods, while those on the west side had none, potentially representing two different tribes.

The figure in the center is believed to have been a chief or shaman—someone of great importance, buried with shell beads and copper fragments, which are thought to be remnants of a headdress.

“These customs may go back to the local Adena mound builders, but it hasn’t been studied yet,” says Maslowski. Artifacts excavated from the mound are now housed at the Smithsonian.

Giants, Israelites, and other fallacies about the mound builders

Over the years, myths have circulated surrounding burial mounds. One myth is that giants built the mounds. According to the National Register nomination for the mound, a Charleston resident who assisted in its excavations stated that one of the skeletons measured 6 feet, 8 inches.

However, Maslowski said this was an exaggeration or miscalculation, possibly caused by the pressure of the earth pressing down on the skeleton over time. Most of the bodies recovered were in poor condition, and none were provided to the Smithsonian.

Much of the spectacle about giants and non-native origin was also political propaganda that justified taking land from the Indigenous peoples.

“The intellectuals at that time knew that the mounds were built by Indians. They knew that these Indians most likely came from Asia,” Maslowski says.

“Thomas Jefferson excavated a mound and demonstrated this in the early 1800s. Later on, you get the development of the myths about the Lost Tribes of Israel and all kinds of things like this.”

“If you look at the landscape at Institute and the original maps by the Smithsonian, it looks like some of the picnic shelters are built on top of mounds.

“I don’t know if they did any archaeological work there or not, but that leveling of some of the mounds prevented any further excavations to see if there was evidence of feasting ceremonies. It’s been a major loss in terms of archaeological information.”

This loss also means it is difficult to prove precisely when these mounds were built.

“There’s a lot in the Smithsonian from these mound excavations, but the provenance isn’t well documented, and the problem is we don’t have a lot of radiocarbon dates,” he says.

“We can’t put a modern up-to-date sequence of the building of these mounds—how long mound-building periods lasted, when it ended, what changes were made after it ended.”

It’s essential to preserve the remaining mounds and learn from those who came before, he says.

Most of the mounds in the Kanawha Valley were destroyed during the area's industrialization, which began in the 1870s. Four known remaining mounds are the Criel Mound, the Wilson Mound in Institute, the Shawnee Mound in Dunbar, and a flat-topped mound adjacent to Sunset Memorial Park.

“It’s part of the history of the area and the human race. Archaeologists feel that you can learn a lot from studying these ancient civilizations, how they changed and adapted to change,” Maslowski said.

“When you look at it from a world perspective, societies have been adapting to climate change and economic change for tens of thousands of years, and how those societies adapt determines whether they continue to exist or become extinct.”

Kanawha Valley in W.Va. had the highest concentration of burial mounds

SOUTH CHARLESTON, W.Va. — The Kanawha Valley in western West Virginia once had the highest concentration of burial mounds in North America, though most were destroyed. More than 400 mounds have been recorded in West Virginia, and their presence was once so extensive that explorers couldn't believe they were of Native American origin. READ MORE...

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